What Is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (BSD), formerly referred to as manic-depressive illness, is a brain-based condition that leads to extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, activity, and the ability to manage everyday responsibilities. These mood shifts are far more intense than the typical highs and lows most people experience. According to the World Economic Forum, bipolar disorder ranks as the sixth leading cause of disability worldwide.
Who Is Affected by Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder affects nearly 6 million adults in the U.S. and can also begin in children and teens. The condition typically starts in late adolescence or early adulthood (late teens to mid-20s), though onset can also occur in childhood or as late as a person’s 50s.
Both men and women are equally likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The condition often runs in families, suggesting a genetic component. Individuals with a parent or sibling diagnosed with bipolar disorder face a higher risk of developing it. However, having a family history does not guarantee the condition will develop, and lifestyle choices play a key role in how genes are expressed—supporting the idea that genetics are not destiny.
Core Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is marked by cycles of manic episodes and depressive episodes, resulting in a wide spectrum of emotional and behavioral symptoms.
- Manic episodes may involve little need for sleep, elevated or irritable mood, impulsivity, or racing thoughts.
- Depressive episodes can include feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest in once-enjoyed activities, and in severe cases, suicidal thoughts.
These mood shifts often occur in cycles, significantly impacting daily functioning and quality of life.
What Contributes to Bipolar Disorder?
While the exact cause remains unclear, researchers have identified several contributing factors:
- Genetics: A strong family history of bipolar disorder increases susceptibility
- Emotional trauma: Past trauma or chronic stress can be a trigger
- Substance abuse: Drug or alcohol misuse may contribute to the onset or worsening of symptoms
- Brain function changes: Bipolar disorder has been linked to alterations in brain structure and activity, which may play a role in symptom development
Consequences of Untreated Bipolar Disorder
Without proper diagnosis and treatment, bipolar disorder can lead to serious life challenges, including:
- Persistent low self-esteem
- Strained or broken relationships
- Job instability or poor performance at work
- Individuals are 15 times more likely to attempt suicide compared to the general population
- Higher rates of drug or alcohol abuse
- 39% hospitalization rate, higher than any other psychiatric condition
- A reduction in life expectancy by over 9 years
- Academic failure in students
Types of Bipolar Episodes
Bipolar disorder is defined by alternating cycles of manic and depressive episodes, each bringing its own distinct set of symptoms. These mood shifts are more intense than everyday emotional changes and can significantly impact day-to-day functioning.
Manic episodes are marked by a heightened emotional state that can feel euphoric, overly enthusiastic, or intensely energized. In some cases, individuals may also experience increased irritability. These episodes can persist for hours, days, weeks, or even longer.
Common symptoms of manic episodes include:
Excessively elevated or intense mood
Inflated sense of self-worth or self-importance
Reduced need for sleep without feeling tired
Boost in productivity or goal-driven behavior
Grandiose plans or unrealistic ideas
Excessive talking or pressured speech
Racing or uncontrollable thoughts
Difficulty slowing down or relaxing
Poor decision-making and risk-taking behavior
Heightened sexual drive or religious preoccupation
Increased appetite or indulgent behaviors
Socially inappropriate actions
Agitation or aggressive outbursts
Psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations
Depressive episodes involve a significant drop in energy and mood, often causing a marked reduction in activity levels and overall motivation. These episodes can last for extended periods, ranging from hours to several weeks or months.
Common symptoms of depressive episodes include:
Persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness
Loss of interest in hobbies or enjoyable activities
Intense feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
Oversleeping or insomnia, often with early morning awakening
Physical and mental fatigue or feeling mentally “slowed down”
Difficulty focusing, thinking, or making decisions
Thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or past suicide attempts